9 Types of Roofs: Minimum Water Impacts, Pros and Cons

Written By Adam Paul - Waterproofing Expert

A roof is the top structural element of a building that covers and protects the interior from external elements such as rain, snow, sunlight, and wind. Roofs are different in types based on the shapes, slopes, and materials. Roof types depend on climate, architecture, and building function. These are the most used 9 types of roof for the homes.

Gable roof
Hip roof
Bonnet roof
Gambrel roof
Mansard roof
Shed roof
Butterfly roof
Low slope roof
Flat roof

As waterproofing expert we highly recommend you pay attention to these factors when you install a roof, such as roof structure, climate, environmental conditions, roof profile, truss and elements, shingles, roofing, water removing efficiency, pitch, underlayment requirement, waterproofing requirement, insulations, solar efficiency, vegetation, benefits, pros, and cons. These factors help you to install a maximum efficient roof with minimum maintenance and repairs over time.

1. Gable Roof

A gable roof features two sloped sides that meet at a central ridge. A gable roof is a simple roof structure and can be seen all over the world. Gable roof forming a triangular profile on each end of the structure. Gable roof framing includes common rafters or pre-engineered trusses supported by load-bearing walls. Gable roof systems typically use materials like asphalt shingles, metal panels, clay tiles, and composite shingles as roofing. Gable roof promotes fast water and snow runoff, simplifies construction, reduces material and labor costs, enhances attic ventilation, and blends seamlessly with most American residential styles.

A gable roof resists rain and snow effectively due to its steep slope and open design. Most gable roof designs use pitches between 4:12 and 9:12, which allow gravity to move water off the surface quickly. Gable roof requires synthetic underlayments, ice and water shield membranes, and ridge ventilation systems to improve waterproofing performance and airflow. This roof configurations support solar panel installations on south-facing slopes, maximizing energy generation. Skylights and gable-end windows enhance natural lighting efficiency inside the attic or upper rooms. Gable roofs are highly recommended for single-family homes, cottages, and garages across North America.

Pros of Gable Roof

High water-shedding ability reduces ponding and leak risks
Cost-effective framing with readily available materials
Excellent attic ventilation design with gable vents
Enhanced curb appeal and architectural compatibility
Ideal for photovoltaic solar installations on south-facing slopes

Cons of Gable Roof

Susceptible to wind uplift in hurricane-prone zones
Gable ends require additional bracing for structural stability
Not suitable for rooftop gardens or heavy rooftop loads
Vulnerable to leak points at flashing and valleys if improperly sealed
Limited interior ceiling volume compared to mansard or gambrel roofs

2. Hip Roof

A hip roof includes four uniformly or variably sloped sides that converge at a ridge or a single peak. Unlike gable roofs, hip roof construction eliminates vertical walls. It helps to result in a tightly enclosed and self-bracing shape. Hip roof framing commonly uses hip rafters, common rafters, and jack rafters to create a stable pyramid or ridge-line form. Hip roof requires asphalt shingles, metal panels, clay tiles, and wood shakes as roofing. Hip roofs offer excellent wind resistance, balanced structural load, superior lateral stability, full perimeter overhangs for eaves and gutters, and refined curb appeal for residential and commercial properties.

A hip roof offers high weather resistance due to its all-sided slopes. It helps to deflect the lateral forces successfully. So they can be successfully installed in hurricane and high-wind zones. The consistent slope design of a hip roof improves water removal by channeling rainfall and snowmelt off the surface efficiently. A hip roof performs best with a minimum pitch of 4:12, while a 6:12 pitch ensures better runoff and visual proportion. Bituminous underlayments and synthetic roofing can be used as roofing with strong waterproofing at hips and valleys. As well as a Hip roof supports solar panels when aligned properly. Hip dormers and skylights increase natural lighting efficiency.

Pros of Hip Roof

Excellent wind resistance due to sloped sides on all elevations
Improved structural integrity with equal weight distribution
Effective water drainage and minimal pooling risk
Balanced soffit overhangs for optimized gutter placement
Adds symmetrical elegance to multi-level architecture

Cons of Hip Roof

More complex framing increases labor and material costs
Limited attic space compared to gable or gambrel roofs
Less ideal surface area for optimal solar panel configuration
An increased number of seams and joints requires precise flashing
Not suitable for rooftop gardens or heavy installations

3. Bonnet Roof

A bonnet roof features two slopes on all four sides, a steep upper slope and a shallow lower slope that extends outward beyond the walls. Bonnet roof framing includes hip rafters, jack rafters, and a break in pitch where the upper slope transitions to the lower eave. Most bonnet roof systems use materials like asphalt shingles, metal panels, cedar shakes, and clay tiles as roofing. A bonnet roof delivers five important benefits: shields exterior walls and windows with wide overhangs, creates covered porch or veranda areas, sheds water efficiently from dual slopes, enhances the aesthetic of colonial and Creole architecture, and provides additional attic space with improved ventilation.

A bonnet roof handles rainfall and sun exposure effectively due to its angled upper slopes and projecting eaves. Most builders recommend an upper slope pitch of 5:12 or greater and a lower slope pitch between 2:12 and 4:12 to maintain balanced water runoff and structural harmony. Roofing contractors install synthetic underlayments, ice and water shield membranes, and metal flashing on the bonnet roof to ensure full waterproofing performance, particularly at the pitch transition points. A bonnet roof supports solar panel installations on the upper slope, where surface area and tilt offer ideal alignment. Gable-end vents or dormers can increase natural lighting efficiency of the bonnet roof, while the lower slope limits vegetation compatibility without added reinforcement. A bonnet roof can last more than 40 years when they are maintained properly. As well as bonnet roofs are highly recommended for Southern homes, farmhouses, and luxury estates.

Pros of a bonnet roof

Extended eaves offer superior wall and porch protection
Dual-pitch slopes improve rainwater drainage efficiency
Classic design enhances architectural appeal
Covered perimeter ideal for verandas and patios
High upper slope supports solar panels and attic ventilation

Cons of a bonnet roof

Complex geometry increases framing and roofing labor
Higher costs due to multi-slope transitions and materials
Flashing at slope change is a leak-prone area if poorly sealed
Limited attic space in lower roof areas
Less compatibility with modern, flat-profile architecture

4. Gambrel Roof

A gambrel roof features two slopes on each side those are steep lower slopes and shallow upper slopes. It is a tradidtional American roof. Gambrel roof form a symmetrical, barn-style profile to the building. Gambrel roof framing includes ridge boards, collar ties, gusseted joints, and rafters configured to maximize interior headroom. Most gambrel roof systems use materials such as wood shingles, architectural asphalt shingles, metal panels, and composite roofing as roofing. Gambrel roof creates a large upper-level living or storage space, supports dormer installations for extra light and access, enhances classic American architectural aesthetics, reduces building height without sacrificing volume, and promotes efficient runoff on steep slopes.

A gambrel roof sheds rain and snow effectively through its steep lower slope, while the shallower upper slope balances aesthetics and structural load. Builders typically design the lower slope at 60-70° and the upper slope at around 30° of inclination, creating fast-flowing water paths. Gambrel roofs require ice and water barriers, metal flashing, and sealed valley membranes to maintain waterproofing integrity at slope junctions and dormer bases. The upper slope supports solar panel installations, particularly on south-facing sections with minimal shading. When Dormers place on he roof it boosts natural lighting efficiency inside the expanded attic space. Gambrel roofs are ideal for barns, cottages, garages, and colonial-style homes.

Pros of Gambrel Roof

Maximizes usable attic or loft space
Offers iconic, traditional American appearance
Reduces roofing materials while increasing vertical space
Supports large dormers for better lighting and ventilation
Steep lower slopes improve rain and snow runoff

Cons of Gambrel Roof

Vulnerable to high winds without proper bracing
Complex roof joints require precision waterproofing
Not ideal for green roofing or rooftop installations
May violate zoning height limits in urban areas
Limited solar panel space on steep lower slopes

5. Mansard Roof

A mansard roof, also known as a French roof. A mansard roof has four sides with a double slope on each. steep lower slopes and shallow upper slopes that meet at a flat or low-pitched top. Mansard roof framing uses rafters, hips, and collar ties, often supported by dormers for added space and light. Most mansard roof systems incorporate traditional materials like slate tiles, metal shingles, asphalt shingles, or wood shakes. A mansard roof provides five benefits: expands usable attic or upper-level space, increases flexibility for future vertical extensions, boosts real estate value through added living area, enhances architectural character, and improves overall drainage with steep lower slopes.

Mansard roof combines steep lower angles with a nearly flat top, hence, it should be waterproof properly. Hence, roofers should install EPDM, TPO, or modified bitumen membranes on the flat section and apply metal flashing along dormers and valleys on the mansard roof. A mansard roof typically uses an upper slope pitch between 1:12 and 3:12 and a lower slope pitch of 60-70°. It helps to provide efficient water removal while preserving the classic profile of the building. Mansard roofs consist of domes. They improve natural lighting efficiency. A mansard roof can last more than 50 years with proper maintenance and repairs. So, mansard roofs are ideal for townhouses, heritage buildings, and luxury residences.

Pros of a Mansard Roof

Maximizes usable attic or loft space
Adds architectural sophistication and uniqueness
Supports vertical wall dormers for enhanced lighting
Allows future expansion without major structural changes
Increases real estate value with functional upper levels

Cons of a Mansard Roof

Complex design demands expert installation and engineering
Higher initial construction and material costs
The flat top section requires advanced waterproofing
Vulnerable flashing points around dormers and ridges
Not ideal for areas with extremely high rainfall or snow loads

6. Butterfly Roof

A butterfly roof uses two roof surfaces that slope inward toward a central valley. Butterfly roof forms a distinctive V-shape. Butterfly roof framing includes beams or rafters angled upward from a central beam to exterior walls. They are often supported by steel frames, laminated wood, or engineered trusses for added structural integrity. Most butterfly roof systems use modern materials such as TPO, EPDM, PVC membranes, or standing seam metal. Butterfly roof supports efficient rainwater harvesting, complements modern architectural styles, allows higher perimeter walls for larger windows, improves indoor airflow with clerestory designs, and offers a clean, futuristic profile for urban and eco-conscious projects.

A butterfly roof channels rainwater toward a central valley. So butterfly roof requires proper waterproofing performance always. Roof installers should apply reinforced TPO or EPDM membranes, seal all seams, and design a high-capacity drainage system with internal drains and overflow scuppers in the central valley. Butterfly roof design benefits from a pitch between 2:12 and 4:12, which ensures proper water flow and debris clearance. A butterfly roof supports solar panel arrays on outer slopes, oriented for morning or afternoon sun depending on the layout. Clerestory windows placed along raised interior walls enhance natural lighting and passive ventilation on the butterfly roof. Butterfly roofs are not suitable for any vegetation. It can withstand more than 40 years, and it is highly recommended for custom homes, minimalist builds, and sustainable designs.

Pros of Butterfly Roof

Unique modern appearance enhances architectural value
Excellent for rainwater harvesting with central valley design
Supports passive solar design through high wall exposure
Enhances ventilation and daylighting with clerestory windows
Ideal surface orientation for solar panels on outer slopes

Cons Butterfly Roof

A complex drainage system requires precise design and maintenance
Central valley is prone to debris buildup and leakage
Higher material and installation costs for custom framing
Not ideal in snowy climates due to inward slope design
Limited structural support for rooftop vegetation systems

7. Shed Roof

A shed roof, also called a lean-to or mono-pitched roof. A shed roof consists of a single flat surface sloping in one direction. Shed roof framing uses simple rafters or trusses that span from the high wall to the low wall, making it one of the most straightforward roof structures to construct. The shed roof is a low-cost roof design. Shed roof requires metal sheets, asphalt shingles, corrugated panels, and membrane roofing systems. Shed roofs offer low construction cost, fast installation, high adaptability for small structures and modern designs, ease of drainage, and clean, minimalist aesthetics that fit well with contemporary architecture.

A shed roof handles weather exposure effectively if the slope faces away from prevailing winds and receives proper waterproofing. To optimize performance, shed roofs require a minimum pitch of 2:12 and ideally 3:12 or more. Installation of synthetic underlayments, peel-and-stick membranes, and seam-sealed flashing is essential.

Shed roof geometry provides excellent potential for solar panel installation, as the entire surface can tilt toward the sun. Shed roofs do not suit vegetation systems unless reinforced, but offer durability of 25-40 years with metal or TPO roofing systems. They are ideal for home additions, cabins, and modern homes.

Pros of a Shed Roof

Simple design reduces labor and construction time
Fast water runoff due to single-slope geometry
Ideal surface for solar panels and skylights
Cost-effective for small structures and extensions
Complements modern and minimalist architecture

Cons of a Shed Roof

Limited attic space or overhead storage
Wind uplift risk if not oriented or braced correctly
Requires precise flashing at wall-roof junctions
Aesthetic limitations for traditional architectural styles
May require snow guards in heavy snow zones

8. Low Slope Roof

A low slope roof is considered any roof with a pitch between 1/4:12 and 3:12. A Low slope roof offers a subtle incline that balances drainage efficiency and design simplicity on the roof. Low-slope roof framing typically uses wood joists, steel decks, or concrete slabs with rigid insulation and cover boards. Most low-slope roof systems are covered by materials like TPO, EPDM, PVC, modified bitumen, or built-up roofing (BUR) to protect it from water and sunlight. A low-slope roof simplifies structural design, reduces material and labor costs, supports rooftop utilities like HVAC units, accommodates solar and green roofing systems, and integrates well with both residential and commercial buildings.

A low-slope roof requires high-performance waterproofing membranes due to reduced water runoff speed. Installers use coated, fully adhered, or mechanically fastened waterproofing systems on the roof. But mostly TPO, PVC, and EPDM roofing systems are mostly used on low-slope roofs. When applying TPO and PVC systems, you should follow ASTM D6878 for TPO or ASTM D4434 for PVC to resist ponding and UV exposure. Low-slope roofs should have a proper design. It should have tapered insulation to create positive drainage toward scuppers, internal drains, or gutters. A low-slope roof provides ample space for solar panel installations, especially on larger footprints with unobstructed exposure.

Flat profile supports vegetation systems, including intensive and extensive green roofs, when reinforced properly. Skylights and roof monitors can improve natural lighting efficiency on the roof. Low slope can withstand more than 30-35 years with proper material and slope. We use low-slope roofs mostly on schools, warehouses, apartment complexes, and modern homes.

Pros of low-slope roofs

Compatible with solar panels, green roofs, and rooftop utilities
Cost-effective due to minimal structural complexity
Accommodates large uninterrupted roof spans
Easier access for maintenance and inspections
Suitable for commercial and contemporary residential designs

Cons of low slope roof

Lower drainage speed increases ponding risk without proper design
Relies heavily on membrane quality and installation precision
Accumulates dirt and debris more easily than steep slopes
Not ideal in areas with frequent heavy snowfall
Shorter lifespan than steep slope systems with traditional shingles

9. Flat Roof

A flat roof features a horizontal surface with a subtle slope. The slope of the flat roof is typically between 1/4:12 to 1/2:12, which directs water toward internal drains or scuppers. Flat roof construction often uses concrete slabs, metal decking topped with rigid insulation, or wooden joists sheathed with plywood. Most flat roof systems rely on single-ply membranes such as TPO, EPDM, PVC, or multi-layered built-up roofing (BUR). Flat roof maximizes rooftop usability, simplifies HVAC access, reduces construction costs, complements modern architecture, and supports functional add-ons like terraces or equipment zones in urban buildings.

A flat requires high-performance waterproofing due to minimal pitch. The best waterproofing membranes for flat roofs are TPO, PVC, and EPDM. These are highly water resistant, UV resistant, and withstand in many harsh environmental conditions. Flat roof systems should follow ASTM D6878 (TPO) or ASTM D4637 (EPDM) standards for weather durability. Flat roof drainage depends on internal drains and edge scuppers; designers must avoid ponding with precise slope planning. Flat roof surfaces support solar panels, vegetation systems, or outdoor lounges when load-bearing structures allow.

This roof type can be used as a roof deck or a roof terrace, mainly. It can increase the aesthetic appeal and add additional space to the home. You can use skylights or solar domes to improve the lighting efficiency of the roof. Flat roofs can last 20-30 years with proper maintenance, waterproofing, and repairs. So flat roofs are highly recommended for commercial, multifamily, and minimalist home projects.

Pros of Flat Roofs

Provides usable space for solar panels, HVAC units, or rooftop patios
Simplified design reduces material and labor costs
Ideal for green roof or cool roof applications
Easier and safer to inspect, clean, and maintain
Offers clean, modern aesthetics for contemporary buildings

Cons of Flat Roofs

Higher risk of leaks due to minimal slope
Requires advanced drainage systems and frequent maintenance
Shorter lifespan compared to pitched roofs
Accumulates debris and snow more easily
Less effective in areas with heavy rainfall or snow loads

What Roof Types Require More Maintenance and Repairs?

Flat roofs, butterfly roofs, and low-slope roofs require more frequent maintenance and repairs compared to steep-slope roof systems. These roof types have limited pitch, which slows down water runoff and increases the risk of ponding, membrane stress, and sealant failure over time.

Flat and low-slope roof systems should have internal drains, scuppers, and tapered insulation for drainage. For the butterfly roofs, the central valley should be precisely designed to drain out the accumulated water properly. As well as both roof drain systems should be cleaned to prevent clogs and overflow, and water intrusion. More than that, homeowners should conduct regular roof inspections, flashing checks, and prompt membrane repairs to preserve roof integrity and extend lifespan.

What Roof Types Require Less Maintenance?

Gable roofs, hip roofs, and gambrel roofs require less maintenance due to their steep slopes and efficient water-shedding design. These roof types promote fast runoff of rain and snow, which reduces the risk of ponding, leaks, and moisture-related damage.

Gable roofs provide straightforward geometry with fewer valleys and joints, making inspections and repairs simpler. Hip roofs offer structural stability and uniform slope on all sides, minimizing wind uplift and water infiltration. Gambrel roofs, with their steep lower slopes, drain water quickly and reduce debris buildup. When installed with durable materials like architectural shingles, metal panels, or clay tiles, these roofs can perform reliably for 30-50 years with minimal upkeep.

Which Roof Types Do Not Need Waterproofing?

All roof types need roof waterproofing in the USA. However, steep-slope roof types like gable roofs, hip roofs, and gambrel roofs rely less on complex waterproofing systems because gravity helps shed water quickly. These roofs primarily use overlapping materials such as asphalt shingles, metal panels, or clay tiles, which act as water-shedding surfaces rather than waterproof membranes.

What is the most Expensive Roof Type?

The mansard roof is the most expensive roof type due to its complex geometry, multi-slope construction, and dormer integration. Mansard roof framing requires custom-built rafters, intricate pitch transitions, and detailed finish work around vertical walls and window openings.

Mansard roofs often use premium materials like natural slate, copper, or standing seam metal, which significantly increase material costs. Labor also rises because of the steep lower slopes, flat upper deck waterproofing, and precise flashing around dormers and valleys.

What are the Roof Shingles?

A roof shingle is a type of individual roofing element that overlaps with others to form a complete protective covering on pitched or sloped roofs. Roof shingles are typically flat, rectangular, or shaped panels made from different materials. Roof shingles have different water resistance capabilities and protection according to the manufactured material.

What Roof Types are Good for Vegetation?

Flat roofs and low slope roofs are the best roof types for vegetation systems (green roofs) due to their accessible surface, structural adaptability, and efficient load distribution. These roof types support both extensive green roofs (lightweight, low-maintenance plants) and intensive green roofs (deep soil, trees, and walkable gardens) when reinforced and properly waterproofed.

Flat roofs provide a stable base for installing root barriers, drainage layers, waterproof membranes, and irrigation systems. Low slope roofs with a pitch of 1/4:12 to 2:12 allow limited drainage while still accommodating vegetation layers without excessive runoff. To build a long-lasting vegetated roof system, use multi-layer waterproofing like bituminous membranes, EPDM, or TPO, with protection mats and filter fabrics. Always verify structural capacity, as green roofs can weigh 20-150 lbs/ft², depending on depth and moisture levels.

What is a Roof Pitch?

Roof pitch is the steepness or incline angle of a roof. The roof pitch is defined as the ratio between the vertical rise and the horizontal span (run). Roof pitch expressed as “X inches of rise per 12 inches of run.” A high roof pitch typically measures 9:12 or more, while a low roof pitch measures 3:12 or less.

What are the 3 Main Types of Roofs?

The three main types of roofs, pitched roofs, curved roofs, and flat roofs

1. Pitched Roofs

A pitched roof features one or more sloped surfaces that shed water quickly. Common pitched roof types are gable, hip, gambrel, and mansard roofs. Pitched roofs work well in regions with heavy rain or snow, offer attic space, and allow easy installation of shingles, tiles, or metal panels.

2. Curved Roofs

A curved roof uses a smooth, arched, or wave-like surface that blends aesthetics with modern engineering. Designers often use steel, zinc, or aluminum sheets for curved roofs. This type supports wind deflection, suits contemporary structures, and improves interior volume without sharp angles.

3. Flat Roofs

A flat roof appears level but includes a slight slope for drainage. Most flat roofs use materials like TPO, EPDM, PVC, or built-up roofing to protect them from UV rays, water, and snow. Flat roofs are highly compatible with vegetation systems, solar panels, and mechanical equipment, making them ideal for commercial buildings, urban homes, and modern designs.